Never before had France had a church council so large: almost 1000 churchmen assembled at Bourges on 29 November 1225 to authorize a tax on their incomes in support of the Second Albigensian Crusade. About one third of the participants were representatives sent by corporate bodies, in accordance with a new provision of canon law that insisted, for the first time ever, that there should be no taxation without representation. Basing himself on the rich surviving records, Professor Kay paints a skilful portrait of this council: the political manoeuvering by the papal legate to ensure the tax went through, and his use of this highly public occasion to humiliate members of the University of Paris; and, on the other hand, his failure to win a permanent endowment to support the papal bureaucracy, the bishops' effective protests against the pope's threat to diminish their jurisdiction over monasteries, and a subsequent 'taxpayers' revolt' that challenged the validity of the tax. The book also draws out the importance and implications of what took place, highlighting the council's place at the fountainhead of European representative democracy, the impact of the decisions made on the course of the Albigensian Crusade, the reform of monasticism, and the funding of the papal government which was left to rely on stop-gap expedients, such as the sale of indulgences. In addition, the author suggests that the corpus of texts, newly edited from the original manuscripts and with English translation, could be seen as a model for the revision of the conciliar corpus, most of which still remains based on 18th-century scholarship.

Addiction to Comfort SECRETS OF ALWAYS MAKING APPROPRIATE MORAL CHOICES? In regard to all Addictions, I find it is impossible to arrive at an objective and constant standard of truth and morality without bringing Jesus Christ onto the podium. If an important standard of truth and morality exists, it cannot be the product of the sinner, or it will not be impartial or decisive. It must be the result of a far greater Mind, that of the Christ Jesus. If a constant and unchanging truth exists, it must be beyond human timelines, or it will not be continuous, it must be everlasting. If a universal choice of "right versus wrong" exists, it must go beyond individual understanding, or it will not be "universal." It must be above us all. However, absolute truth must be something or someone to free the addicted that is common to all humanity, and to creation. All is found in one person, and He Jesus Christ is the source of all truth. He is the secret of always making appropriate moral choices.....For in each conflict we have....positions' us in charge of determining what, is the correct moral choice we can put forward? If our instant thought and or our comeback is that of self-deceptive "ends justify the means," your determination is flawed. If your response may be however difficult, but you choose to preserve and improve not only your own human life, integrity and self-respect, you have chosen not to take over Gods role as Creator and Sovereignty over your conflict. Be hopeful and please God, but never partake as God. ...... RICHARD KAY

The controlled clinical trial has become an essential part of the clinician's decision-making process. Clinical trials, however, still raise methodological problems that are important and at the same time controversial: subgroup analysis and interactions, meta-analy sis of similar trials, consideration of subjective clinical opinions and those of the public at large, assessment of quality of life, pre vention trials, and so on. In February 1987 we took our third step along the road to evaluating these issues in dialogues between cli nicians, psychologists, legal experts, and statisticians. The talks presented at the meeting were revised by the authors afterwards and have been rearranged by the editors to form a strictly organ 1 2 ized book. The two preceding meetings in 1978 and 1981 focused strongly on adjuvant therapy in primary breast cancer, but this top ic served merely as a nucleus in the third meeting. This meeting, although called the Third Heidelberg Symposium was forced to leave Heidelberg and in fact was held in Freiburg. Without the interest and enthusiasm of Professor Martin Schu macher and his colleagues in Freiburg the meeting would never have taken place. The meeting was generously supported again by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (Bundesministe rium flir Forschung und Technologie, BMFT) within the framework of the West German BMFT Breast Cancer Study Group. We are grateful, in particular, to Mr. Hans W. Herzog for his personal in volvement. Juni 1988 H. Scheurlen, R. Kay, M."

Addiction to Comfort SECRETS OF ALWAYS MAKING APPROPRIATE MORAL CHOICES? In regard to all Addictions, I find it is impossible to arrive at an objective and constant standard of truth and morality without bringing Jesus Christ onto the podium. If an important standard of truth and morality exists, it cannot be the product of the sinner, or it will not be impartial or decisive. It must be the result of a far greater Mind, that of the Christ Jesus. If a constant and unchanging truth exists, it must be beyond human timelines, or it will not be continuous, it must be everlasting. If a universal choice of "right versus wrong" exists, it must go beyond individual understanding, or it will not be "universal." It must be above us all. However, absolute truth must be something or someone to free the addicted that is common to all humanity, and to creation. All is found in one person, and He Jesus Christ is the source of all truth. He is the secret of always making appropriate moral choices.....For in each conflict we have....positions' us in charge of determining what, is the correct moral choice we can put forward? If our instant thought and or our comeback is that of self-deceptive "ends justify the means," your determination is flawed. If your response may be however difficult, but you choose to preserve and improve not only your own human life, integrity and self-respect, you have chosen not to take over Gods role as Creator and Sovereignty over your conflict. Be hopeful and please God, but never partake as God. ...... RICHARD KAY

WHEN BLACK AND WHITE BECOME GRAY Whether we talk about "Right from Wrong," "Good from Evil," "Black and White in contradiction of Gray," "Capitalism in opposition to Socialism," "Conservatives in opposition to Liberalism," "Humanism, Secularism or Naturalism versus Christianity," and leading the horde "Atheism" opposing all and anyone believing in the Christian values of the originator Jesus Christ, as taken from Scriptures of the Holy Bible and formed into our Constitution. The lack of legitimate authority caused by the denial of God reinforces the Christian's belief that God must be recognized as ruler in every sphere, including local and federal governmental politics. We are now seeing violations taking hold in this 21st century by men who want new awe-inspiring laws that bind man to authority, with exception of mans pleasure, fitness or convenience, which is not binding at all. The twentieth-century should have taught Americans that even the most basic of human rights cannot exist yet again and again apart from an absolute Christian standard. This standard is given to you in this book. Who is sovereign, and to whom is man responsible to? This source of sovereignty resides only in following Jesus Christ, and has been for over two-hundred and thirty-four years in America and is still, if we in simple terms want this very source of American freedom. But if sovereignty resides in government, whether a monarchy or a democracy, behaving in an overbearing dictatorial way, man has no appeal beyond the law of the state, and has no source of Christian truths, principles and ethics. Leading only into oppression and totalitarianism, Freedom, first of all is a question of self-determination and responsibility. In the two-years it took to do research, study and having the strength or tendency to condense not by opinion but by history, common sense and reality regarding, "Capitalism," "Atheism," "Socialism" and the strategy used by Marxists liberals to overthrow our American freedoms.

WHEN BLACK AND WHITE BECOME GRAY Whether we talk about "Right from Wrong," "Good from Evil," "Black and White in contradiction of Gray," "Capitalism in opposition to Socialism," "Conservatives in opposition to Liberalism," "Humanism, Secularism or Naturalism versus Christianity," and leading the horde "Atheism" opposing all and anyone believing in the Christian values of the originator Jesus Christ, as taken from Scriptures of the Holy Bible and formed into our Constitution. The lack of legitimate authority caused by the denial of God reinforces the Christian's belief that God must be recognized as ruler in every sphere, including local and federal governmental politics. We are now seeing violations taking hold in this 21st century by men who want new awe-inspiring laws that bind man to authority, with exception of mans pleasure, fitness or convenience, which is not binding at all. The twentieth-century should have taught Americans that even the most basic of human rights cannot exist yet again and again apart from an absolute Christian standard. This standard is given to you in this book. Who is sovereign, and to whom is man responsible to? This source of sovereignty resides only in following Jesus Christ, and has been for over two-hundred and thirty-four years in America and is still, if we in simple terms want this very source of American freedom. But if sovereignty resides in government, whether a monarchy or a democracy, behaving in an overbearing dictatorial way, man has no appeal beyond the law of the state, and has no source of Christian truths, principles and ethics. Leading only into oppression and totalitarianism, Freedom, first of all is a question of self-determination and responsibility. In the two-years it took to do research, study and having the strength or tendency to condense not by opinion but by history, common sense and reality regarding, "Capitalism," "Atheism," "Socialism" and the strategy used by Marxists liberals to overthrow our American freedoms.

"Reasoning with the Unreasonable" is a book written to take into account the question of Doubt, Denial and Defamation. Whether or not and to what extent the American people of this generation is capable of carrying out the responsibilities in protecting all of God's moral code of laws and establishing for the world to see that our founding fathers sowed the seeds for peace on earth.

"Reasoning with the Unreasonable" is a book written to take into account the question of Doubt, Denial and Defamation. Whether or not and to what extent the American people of this generation is capable of carrying out the responsibilities in protecting all of God's moral code of laws and establishing for the world to see that our founding fathers sowed the seeds for peace on earth.

Dante's Comedy is a puzzling poem because the author wanted to lead his readers to understanding by engaging their curiosity. While many obscure matters are clarified in the course of the poem itself, others have remained enigmas that have fascinated Dantists for centuries. Over the last thirty-five years, Richard Kay has proposed original solutions to many of these puzzles; these are collected in the present volume. Historical context frames Kay's readings, which relate the poem to such standard sources as the Bible, Aristotle, Aquinas, and the Latin classics, but he also goes beyond these Scholastic sources to exploit Dante's use of less familiar aspects of Latin clerical culture, including physiognomy, Vitruvian proportions, and optics, and most especially astrology. Kay explores new ways to read the Comedy. For instance, he argues that Dante has embedded references to his authorities in a continuous series of acrostics formed by the initial letters of each tercet. Again, he shows how Dante returns to the theme of each infernal canto and develops it in the parallel cantos of Purgatorio and Paradiso. Particularly worthy of note are four essays on the poem's finale in the Empyrean.